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The stem wall supports the structure loads and, in turn, is supported directly by the soil or a footing. A monolithic or thickened-edge piece is a ground-supported piece on grade with an integral footing (i. e., thickened edge); it is usually utilized in warmer regions with little or no frost depth but is likewise used in colder climates when appropriate frost defense is offered.

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Piles are also used to separate the structure from expansive soil motions. Post-and-pier foundations can provide a cost-effective alternative to crawlspace perimeter wall construction.  This Site  prevails practice to utilize a brick curtain wall in between piers for look and bracing purposes. The design procedures and info in this section covers: structure materials and properties; soil-bearing capability and footing size; concrete or gravel footings; concrete and masonry structure walls; preservative-treated wood walls; insulating concrete foundations; concrete slabs on grade; pile foundations; andfrost protection.

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For this factor, some additional design guidance is provided when practical and technically warranted. Masonry style procedures follow the allowable stress design technique of ACI-530 (ACI, 1999). Wood design treatments are utilized to design the connections between the foundation system and the structure above and follow the allowable tension design technique for wood construction.

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A property designer using concrete and masonry products should have a standard understanding of such materials, along with a gratitude of variations in the products' composition and structural homes. In addition, soils are thought about a structure material. A brief discussion of the properties of concrete and masonry follows. The concrete compressive strength utilized in domestic construction is generally either 2,500 or 3,000 psi, although other values might be defined.

The concrete compressive strength may be verified in accordance with ASTM C39 (ASTM, 1996). Offered that concrete strength increases at a reducing rate with time, the specified compressive strength is usually associated with the strength obtained after 28 days of curing time. At that time, concrete generally obtains about 85% of its completely cured compressive strength.

In some cases, one or more admixtures are included to alter certain characteristics of the concrete, such as workability, resilience, and time of hardening. The percentages of the elements figure out the concrete mix's compressive strength and sturdiness. Portland cement is categorized into several types in accordance with ASTM C150 (ASTM, 1998). Residential structure walls are typically constructed with Type I cement, which is a general-purpose Portland cement utilized for the vast bulk of building jobs.